2. Content and methods
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Particularly, this new WBQ provides: (A) data into reputation of one’s fellow member; (B) recording out-of consumption into the time of the prior day from good and you may fluid eating, h2o otherwise products off a semi-decimal food regularity questionnaire (FFQ) out-of 58 food confirmed having quoting times consumption therefore the extra sugar and you may honey that is set in drinks; and (C) quote out of exercise through its the latest Internationally Physical exercise Survey (IPAQ) , which ideas duration of physical working out on about three interest levels (severe, modest, lighter do it) otherwise inactive standards. The brand new IPAQ might have been validated in past times as the a mix-national appliance for tape physical working out [20,21,22] and guess opportunity costs.
The energy and you may liquids articles out of filed edibles and you can products try analyzed utilizing the Diet plan Study Plus (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, California, USA), hence spends composition study throughout the USDA Federal Mineral Database and you may chose Greek meals (we.e., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles beans soup, several Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . Centered on total energy consumption and energy cost, energy balance is examined as well.
Within study, “drinks” means good fresh fruit liquid otherwise manufactured juice 100% instead sugar blogs, sugar-sugary drinks (SSDs) (good fresh fruit nectar with sugar, carbonated drinks which have glucose and effort/isotonic products), low calorie carbonated drinks, beverage and you can organic infusions, whole milk (all kinds of milk products, delicious chocolate milk products and you can cocoa take in), milkshake and you can sherbets, coffee-and coffee beverages, and you may liquor (beer, wines and all sorts of sort of alcohol). “Take in time intake (DEI)” means opportunity intake off drinks “complete time intake (TEI)” in order to energy intake of most of the provide and you may “times intake of food” in order to times intake away from strong and you can water delicacies (elizabeth.g., soups). This new sum of products teams so you’re able to full energy intake (studies from Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), presented just like the overall water intake (TWI), i.age., h2o out-of beverages, water, strong and fluid ingredients so that as drink water intake (DWI), we.e., drinking water off products and you can h2o.
step three. Mathematical Research
Results are displayed while the indicate ± sd into generally speaking delivered details and you may average (P25–P75) with the skewed of them. Normality is checked out by using the likelihood–possibilities area (P–P plot) and you may histograms. Differences between anyone regarding your overall energy consumption, energy away from products, energy from edibles, opportunity costs, time balance, water intake, water out of water and you may products, liquid out of beverages, drinking water from drinking water hot Nanchang girl, water out of dinners, drinking water losses and liquids equilibrium have been assessed to your independent try t-test for the generally speaking delivered details therefore the Mann-Whittney U-take to towards skewed ones. Similarly, differences when considering the fresh new five quartiles of time out-of beverages was in fact analyzed into the you to definitely-way ANOVA F-decide to try for the normally delivered variables additionally the Kruskal-Wallis H Sample into the skewed of these. Benefit level is lay during the 5%. Correlations within contribution regarding products so you’re able to intake of water in family so you can energy in cold temperatures and you may summer was indeed checked out by the Pearson’s otherwise Spearman’s relationship coefficients for usually marketed or skewed parameters. All of the mathematical analyses did playing with PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).